Figure 1: The heterogeneous but overlapping phenotype and functions of renal DCs and macrophages.
DCs are traditionally described as mediators of immune surveillance and antigen presentation, and as the primary determinants of responses to antigens—through initiation of either immune effector-cell functions or the development of tolerance. Macrophages also function as innate immune cells, predominantly through phagocytosis and production of toxic metabolites. However, the classical paradigm of DC versus macrophage phenotypes and functions is increasingly indistinct within the kidney, as these cells exhibit overlapping surface markers, functional capabilities, and ontogenic pathways. This molecular and phenotypic overlap between cell types and subsets complicates their identification and evaluation. *Marker described only in humans. Abbreviations: B-ATF-3, basic leucine zipper transcription factor ATF-like 3; BDCA-1, blood dendritic cell antigen 1; CCR, CC chemokine receptor; CSF-1R, colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor; CX3CR1, CX3C chemokine receptor 1; DC, dendritic cell; DC-SIGN, dendritic-cell-specific ICAM-3-grabbing non-integrin; ECM, extracellular matrix; EMR1, EGF-like module-containing mucin-like hormone receptor-like 1; FcγR(II/III), low affinity IgG Fc region receptor (II/III); FLT3, fms-like tyrosine kinase 3; Gr-1, granulocyte-differentiation antigen-1; ICAM-1, intercellular adhesion molecule 1; ID-2, inhibitor of DNA binding 2; IL-4R, IL-4 receptor; IL-10R, IL-10 receptor; IRF, interferon regulatory factor; Ly6(C/G), lymphocyte antigen 6(C/G); SIRPα, signal-regulatory protein α (also known as tyrosine-protein phosphatase nonreceptor type substrate 1); STAT3, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3; ZBTB46, zinc finger and BTB domain containing protein 46.
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